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SHIV DIXIT

CHAIRMAN - BITE INDU... • 2m

💰Learn Start-up Maths —( Concept - 2 )📊 💱 All details about “ COST ” Whenever someone asks you about the cost just tell him that “ Cost the amount of money that a business spends on the creation of something ” • There are many types of cost # Based on Behavior — 1=} Fixed Costs: Do not change with the level of production or sales like ( rent, salaries ) • Do not change regardless of output 2=} Variable Costs: Change directly with the level of production or sales ( like raw materials, commission ) • Proportional to production volume. 3=} Semi-Variable Costs: Partially fixed and partially variable ( like electricity bill with a fixed charge plus usage-based costs ) • Contain both fixed and variable components. # Based on Nature 1=} Direct Costs: Can be traced directly to a specific product or service ( like raw materials, labor for production ) 2=} Indirect Costs: Cannot be traced directly and support overall operations ( like administrative expenses, factory maintenance ) # Based on Function 1=} Production Costs: Related to manufacturing goods like machinery maintenance) 2=} Administrative Costs: Related to the management of the business like office salaries) 3=} Selling and Distribution Costs: Related to marketing, sales, and delivering goods like advertising, transportation). 4=} Research and Development Costs: Expenses for innovation and development of new products # Based on Controllability 1=} Controllable Costs: Can be influenced or controlled by a specific manager like raw material usage) 2=} Uncontrollable Costs: Cannot be controlled by a specific manager like depreciation) # Based on Time 1=} Historical Costs: Costs that have already been incurred like past material purchases). 2=} Future Costs: Costs expected to be incurred in the future like planned investments) # Based on Decision-Making 1=} Opportunity Costs: The cost of the next best alternative foregone ( like potential income from renting a building instead of using it) • The potential benefit lost when choosing one option over another 2=} Sunk Costs: Costs already incurred and cannot be recovered (like money spent on a failed project) • Costs already incurred that cannot be recovered (like R&D for failed projects) 3=} Incremental Costs: Additional costs incurred by choosing a particular option 4=} Marginal Costs: The cost of producing one additional unit • The additional cost of producing one extra unit 5=} Imputed Costs: Costs not involving direct cash outlay but considered for decision-making like owner’s time) # Based on Accounting Treatment 1=} Capital Costs: Incurred for acquiring fixed assets like machinery, buildings). 2=} Revenue Costs: Incurred for day-to-day operations ( like repairs, fuel). # Based on Association with Units 1=} Unit Costs: Costs per unit of production (like cost per sandwich) 2=} Batch Costs: Costs associated with producing a batch of goods (like setting up a machine for a production run) # Based on Industry or Specific Use 1=} Prime Costs: Direct material, labor, and expenses directly related to production. 2=} Conversion Costs: Costs incurred to convert raw materials into finished products ( labor + overhead). # Other cost 1=} Operating Costs Includes all costs necessary for day-to-day business activities. Types: Fixed + Variable operating costs 2=} Non-Operating Costs Costs unrelated to core operations (like loan interest, penalties 3=} Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) • Direct costs tied to goods or services sold 4=} Overhead Costs • Indirect costs required for business operations ( like utilities, admin salaries). • Cost Formulas and Calculations 1=} Cost of Goods Sold COGS = Opening Inventory + Purchases - Closing Inventory 2=} Total Cost TC = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs 3=} Marginal Cost MC = Change in Total Cost ÷ Change in Quantity 4=} Break-Even Point BEP (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per Unit - Variable Cost per Un 5=} Profit Margin Profit Margin = (Revenue - Total Cost) ÷ Revenue × 100 6=} Contribution Margin Contribution Margin = Selling Price - Variable Cost 7=} Cost Per Unit Total Cost ÷ Total Units Produced 8=} Return on Investment (ROI) ROI = (Net Profit - Total Cost) ÷ Total Cost × 100 • Cost Management Methodologies 1. Activity-Based Costing Allocates indirect costs based on activities driving them Example: Assigning machine maintenance costs to products that use the machine 2. Standard Costing Pre-determined cost estimates for budgeting and performance evaluation 3. Target Costing Setting a product cost target based on desired profit margin and competitive price 4. Lifecycle Costing Analyzing costs across a product’s lifecycle (development, production, marketing, etc.) 5. Lean Costing Eliminating waste to reduce costs and increase efficiency 6. Kaizen Costing Continuous cost reduction through small, incremental improvements 🚀 Check Comment Section For More 🤍

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SHIV DIXIT

CHAIRMAN - BITE INDU... • 2m

• Advanced Cost Concepts 1. Economies of Scale Cost advantages achieved by increasing production. Types: Internal (e.g., bulk purchasing), External (e.g., industry-wide benefits). 2. Diseconomies of Scale Increased costs due to inefficiencies in large-scale operations. 3. Fixed-to-Variable Cost Ratio Analyzing cost structure to determine flexibility and risk. 4. Incremental Costs Costs incurred due to additional production. 5. Absorption vs. Variable Costing Absorption Costing: Includes all fixed and variable costs in product cost. Variable Costing: Only variable costs included in product cost. • Cost Reduction Strategies 1. Operational Efficiency Streamline workflows and automate repetitive tasks. 2. Supplier Negotiations Negotiate better rates or bulk discounts. 3. Outsourcing Reduce fixed costs by outsourcing non-core tasks. 4. Energy Efficiency Invest in energy-saving equipment to lower utility costs. 5. Inventory Optimization Implement just-in-time (JIT) inventory systems to reduce storage costs. 6. Lean Production Minimize waste during manufacturing processes. 7. Regular Cost Audits Identify and eliminate unnecessary expenses. • Main Cost Management Metrics 1. Cost Efficiency Ratio Measures the efficiency of cost usage. Efficiency Ratio = Total Costs ÷ Revenue × 100 2. Cost Variance (CV) Difference between estimated and actual costs. CV = Budgeted Cost - Actual Cost 3. Gross Margin Gross Margin = (Revenue - COGS) ÷ Revenue × 100 4. Operating Margin Operating Margin = (Operating Income ÷ Revenue) × 100 • Practical Examples 1. Scenario 1: Break-Even Analysis A startup with ₹50,000 fixed costs produces 1,000 units at a variable cost of ₹200/unit. Selling price is ₹300/unit. BEP: ₹50,000 ÷ (₹300 - ₹200) = 500 units 2. Scenario 2: Marginal Cost Analysis A bakery incurs ₹2,000 in costs to produce 100 cakes. Producing an additional cake costs ₹20. MC: ₹20 per cake 3. Scenario 3: Opportunity Cost Choosing between investing ₹1,00,000 in marketing (expected revenue: ₹5,00,000) or a new product launch (expected revenue: ₹4,50,000). Opportunity Cost: ₹50,000 • Tips and Tricks for Cost Management 1. Track costs regularly using accounting software like QuickBooks or Zoho Books. 2. Distinguish between necessary and unnecessary expenses. 3. Always calculate the ROI before incurring significant costs. 4. Negotiate long-term contracts with suppliers for stability. 5. Focus on high-margin products to maximize profitability

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