The circular economy is an economic model designed to minimize waste and make the most of resources. Unlike the traditional linear economy, which follows a “take, make, dispose” approach, the circular economy promotes a “reduce, reuse, recycle” framework. This model ensures that materials and products remain in use for as long as possible, extracting their maximum value before safely returning them to the environment or reintegrating them into the production cycle. In contrast, the linear economy relies on excessive resource extraction, mass production, and high waste generation, leading to environmental degradation and resource depletion. The circular economy challenges this unsustainable pattern by advocating closed-loop systems, where waste is treated as a valuable resource rather than a burden. For example, innovations such as industrial symbiosis, where waste from one industry serves as raw material for another, exemplify circular principles in action
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